diff --git a/bind/v4k.lua b/bind/v4k.lua
index 007497c..e1c4570 100644
--- a/bind/v4k.lua
+++ b/bind/v4k.lua
@@ -1493,6 +1493,7 @@ typedef struct model_t {
     vec3 *meshcenters;
     aabb *meshbounds;
     float *meshradii;
+    bool *mesh_visible;
     int num_tris;
     handle vao, ibo, vbo, vao_instanced;
     int* lod_collapse_map;
diff --git a/engine/joint/v4k.h b/engine/joint/v4k.h
index ffe7998..bfef5b7 100644
--- a/engine/joint/v4k.h
+++ b/engine/joint/v4k.h
@@ -17783,6 +17783,7 @@ typedef struct model_t {
     vec3 *meshcenters;
     aabb *meshbounds;
     float *meshradii;
+    bool *mesh_visible;
     int num_tris;
     handle vao, ibo, vbo, vao_instanced;
 
@@ -386398,6 +386399,7 @@ bool model_load_meshes(iqm_t *q, const struct iqmheader *hdr, model_t *m) {
     m->meshcenters = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(vec3));
     m->meshbounds = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(aabb));
     m->meshradii = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(float));
+    m->mesh_visible = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(bool));
 
     for(int i = 0; i < (int)hdr->num_meshes; i++) {
         int invalid = texture_checker().id;
@@ -387195,7 +387197,7 @@ bool model_is_visible(model_t m, int mesh, mat44 model_mat, mat44 proj, mat44 vi
             mat44 proj_modified;
             copy44(proj_modified, proj);
             
-            // Increase FOV by 1.5
+            // Increase FOV by GLOBAL_FRUSTUM_FOV_MULTIPLIER
             float fov_scale = 1.0f / GLOBAL_FRUSTUM_FOV_MULTIPLIER;
             proj_modified[0] *= fov_scale;
             proj_modified[5] *= fov_scale;
@@ -387265,14 +387267,14 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
 
     if (rs_idx > RENDER_PASS_OVERRIDES_BEGIN) {
         for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-            if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
+            if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
             array_push(drawcalls, (drawcall_t){i, -1});
         }
     } else {
         if(pass == -1 || pass == RENDER_PASS_OPAQUE) {
             for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-                if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
-
+                if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
+                
                 // collect opaque drawcalls
                 if (required_rs[i] == RENDER_PASS_OPAQUE) {
                     drawcall_t call;
@@ -387288,8 +387290,8 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
         
         if(pass == -1 || pass == RENDER_PASS_TRANSPARENT) {
             for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-                if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
-
+                if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
+                
                 // collect transparent drawcalls
                 if (required_rs[i] == RENDER_PASS_TRANSPARENT) {
                     drawcall_t call;
@@ -387364,28 +387366,52 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
     shader_bind(old_shader);
 }
 
-void model_render_instanced_pass(model_t m, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count, int pass) {
-    if(!m.iqm) return;
-    iqm_t *q = m.iqm;
+static mat44 *pass_model_matrices = NULL;
+
+void model_render_instanced_pass(model_t mdl, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count, int pass) {
+    if(!mdl.iqm) return;
+    iqm_t *q = mdl.iqm;
 
     if (active_shadowmap && active_shadowmap->skip_render) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mat44 mv; multiply44x2(mv, view, models[0]);
+    pass_model_matrices = array_resize(pass_model_matrices, count); //@leak
+    memcpy(pass_model_matrices, models, count * sizeof(mat44));
+    memset(mdl.mesh_visible, 0, q->nummeshes * sizeof(bool));
 
-    if( count != m.num_instances ) {
-        m.num_instances = count;
-        m.instanced_matrices = (float*)models;
-        model_set_state(m);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        bool any_visible = false;
+        for (int m = 0; m < q->nummeshes; m++) {
+            bool visible = model_is_visible(mdl, m, pass_model_matrices[i], proj, view);
+            mdl.mesh_visible[m] |= visible;
+            any_visible |= visible;
+        }
+        if (!any_visible) {
+            array_erase_fast(pass_model_matrices, i);
+            i--;
+            count--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (count == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mat44 mv; multiply44x2(mv, view, pass_model_matrices[0]);
+
+    if( count != mdl.num_instances ) {
+        mdl.num_instances = count;
+        mdl.instanced_matrices = (float*)pass_model_matrices;
+        model_set_state(mdl);
     }
 
     if (model_getpass() > RENDER_PASS_SHADOW_BEGIN && model_getpass() < RENDER_PASS_SHADOW_END) {
-        shader = m.shadow_program;
+        shader = mdl.shadow_program;
     }
 
-    model_set_uniforms(m, shader > 0 ? shader : m.program, mv, proj, view, models[0]);
-    model_draw_call(m, shader > 0 ? shader : m.program, pass, pos44(view), models[0], proj, view);
+    model_set_uniforms(mdl, shader > 0 ? shader : mdl.program, mv, proj, view, pass_model_matrices[0]);
+    model_draw_call(mdl, shader > 0 ? shader : mdl.program, pass, pos44(view), pass_model_matrices[0], proj, view);
 }
 
 void model_render_instanced(model_t m, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count) {
@@ -387796,6 +387822,7 @@ void model_destroy(model_t m) {
     FREE(m.meshcenters);
     FREE(m.meshbounds);
     FREE(m.meshradii);
+    FREE(m.mesh_visible);
 
     iqm_t *q = m.iqm;
 //    if(m.mesh) mesh_destroy(m.mesh);
diff --git a/engine/split/v4k_render.c b/engine/split/v4k_render.c
index 91575e0..310fbaa 100644
--- a/engine/split/v4k_render.c
+++ b/engine/split/v4k_render.c
@@ -4575,6 +4575,7 @@ bool model_load_meshes(iqm_t *q, const struct iqmheader *hdr, model_t *m) {
     m->meshcenters = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(vec3));
     m->meshbounds = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(aabb));
     m->meshradii = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(float));
+    m->mesh_visible = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(bool));
 
     for(int i = 0; i < (int)hdr->num_meshes; i++) {
         int invalid = texture_checker().id;
@@ -5372,7 +5373,7 @@ bool model_is_visible(model_t m, int mesh, mat44 model_mat, mat44 proj, mat44 vi
             mat44 proj_modified;
             copy44(proj_modified, proj);
             
-            // Increase FOV by 1.5
+            // Increase FOV by GLOBAL_FRUSTUM_FOV_MULTIPLIER
             float fov_scale = 1.0f / GLOBAL_FRUSTUM_FOV_MULTIPLIER;
             proj_modified[0] *= fov_scale;
             proj_modified[5] *= fov_scale;
@@ -5442,14 +5443,14 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
 
     if (rs_idx > RENDER_PASS_OVERRIDES_BEGIN) {
         for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-            if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
+            if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
             array_push(drawcalls, (drawcall_t){i, -1});
         }
     } else {
         if(pass == -1 || pass == RENDER_PASS_OPAQUE) {
             for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-                if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
-
+                if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
+                
                 // collect opaque drawcalls
                 if (required_rs[i] == RENDER_PASS_OPAQUE) {
                     drawcall_t call;
@@ -5465,8 +5466,8 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
         
         if(pass == -1 || pass == RENDER_PASS_TRANSPARENT) {
             for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-                if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
-
+                if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
+                
                 // collect transparent drawcalls
                 if (required_rs[i] == RENDER_PASS_TRANSPARENT) {
                     drawcall_t call;
@@ -5541,28 +5542,52 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
     shader_bind(old_shader);
 }
 
-void model_render_instanced_pass(model_t m, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count, int pass) {
-    if(!m.iqm) return;
-    iqm_t *q = m.iqm;
+static mat44 *pass_model_matrices = NULL;
+
+void model_render_instanced_pass(model_t mdl, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count, int pass) {
+    if(!mdl.iqm) return;
+    iqm_t *q = mdl.iqm;
 
     if (active_shadowmap && active_shadowmap->skip_render) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mat44 mv; multiply44x2(mv, view, models[0]);
+    pass_model_matrices = array_resize(pass_model_matrices, count); //@leak
+    memcpy(pass_model_matrices, models, count * sizeof(mat44));
+    memset(mdl.mesh_visible, 0, q->nummeshes * sizeof(bool));
 
-    if( count != m.num_instances ) {
-        m.num_instances = count;
-        m.instanced_matrices = (float*)models;
-        model_set_state(m);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        bool any_visible = false;
+        for (int m = 0; m < q->nummeshes; m++) {
+            bool visible = model_is_visible(mdl, m, pass_model_matrices[i], proj, view);
+            mdl.mesh_visible[m] |= visible;
+            any_visible |= visible;
+        }
+        if (!any_visible) {
+            array_erase_fast(pass_model_matrices, i);
+            i--;
+            count--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (count == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mat44 mv; multiply44x2(mv, view, pass_model_matrices[0]);
+
+    if( count != mdl.num_instances ) {
+        mdl.num_instances = count;
+        mdl.instanced_matrices = (float*)pass_model_matrices;
+        model_set_state(mdl);
     }
 
     if (model_getpass() > RENDER_PASS_SHADOW_BEGIN && model_getpass() < RENDER_PASS_SHADOW_END) {
-        shader = m.shadow_program;
+        shader = mdl.shadow_program;
     }
 
-    model_set_uniforms(m, shader > 0 ? shader : m.program, mv, proj, view, models[0]);
-    model_draw_call(m, shader > 0 ? shader : m.program, pass, pos44(view), models[0], proj, view);
+    model_set_uniforms(mdl, shader > 0 ? shader : mdl.program, mv, proj, view, pass_model_matrices[0]);
+    model_draw_call(mdl, shader > 0 ? shader : mdl.program, pass, pos44(view), pass_model_matrices[0], proj, view);
 }
 
 void model_render_instanced(model_t m, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count) {
@@ -5973,6 +5998,7 @@ void model_destroy(model_t m) {
     FREE(m.meshcenters);
     FREE(m.meshbounds);
     FREE(m.meshradii);
+    FREE(m.mesh_visible);
 
     iqm_t *q = m.iqm;
 //    if(m.mesh) mesh_destroy(m.mesh);
diff --git a/engine/split/v4k_render.h b/engine/split/v4k_render.h
index e1bcfb2..e252f7f 100644
--- a/engine/split/v4k_render.h
+++ b/engine/split/v4k_render.h
@@ -815,6 +815,7 @@ typedef struct model_t {
     vec3 *meshcenters;
     aabb *meshbounds;
     float *meshradii;
+    bool *mesh_visible;
     int num_tris;
     handle vao, ibo, vbo, vao_instanced;
 
diff --git a/engine/v4k.c b/engine/v4k.c
index e613bb7..f91c176 100644
--- a/engine/v4k.c
+++ b/engine/v4k.c
@@ -21429,6 +21429,7 @@ bool model_load_meshes(iqm_t *q, const struct iqmheader *hdr, model_t *m) {
     m->meshcenters = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(vec3));
     m->meshbounds = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(aabb));
     m->meshradii = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(float));
+    m->mesh_visible = CALLOC(hdr->num_meshes, sizeof(bool));
 
     for(int i = 0; i < (int)hdr->num_meshes; i++) {
         int invalid = texture_checker().id;
@@ -22226,7 +22227,7 @@ bool model_is_visible(model_t m, int mesh, mat44 model_mat, mat44 proj, mat44 vi
             mat44 proj_modified;
             copy44(proj_modified, proj);
             
-            // Increase FOV by 1.5
+            // Increase FOV by GLOBAL_FRUSTUM_FOV_MULTIPLIER
             float fov_scale = 1.0f / GLOBAL_FRUSTUM_FOV_MULTIPLIER;
             proj_modified[0] *= fov_scale;
             proj_modified[5] *= fov_scale;
@@ -22296,14 +22297,14 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
 
     if (rs_idx > RENDER_PASS_OVERRIDES_BEGIN) {
         for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-            if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
+            if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
             array_push(drawcalls, (drawcall_t){i, -1});
         }
     } else {
         if(pass == -1 || pass == RENDER_PASS_OPAQUE) {
             for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-                if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
-
+                if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
+                
                 // collect opaque drawcalls
                 if (required_rs[i] == RENDER_PASS_OPAQUE) {
                     drawcall_t call;
@@ -22319,8 +22320,8 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
         
         if(pass == -1 || pass == RENDER_PASS_TRANSPARENT) {
             for(int i = 0; i < q->nummeshes; i++) {
-                if (!model_is_visible(m, i, model_mat, proj, view)) continue;
-
+                if (!m.mesh_visible[i]) continue;
+                
                 // collect transparent drawcalls
                 if (required_rs[i] == RENDER_PASS_TRANSPARENT) {
                     drawcall_t call;
@@ -22395,28 +22396,52 @@ void model_draw_call(model_t m, int shader, int pass, vec3 cam_pos, mat44 model_
     shader_bind(old_shader);
 }
 
-void model_render_instanced_pass(model_t m, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count, int pass) {
-    if(!m.iqm) return;
-    iqm_t *q = m.iqm;
+static mat44 *pass_model_matrices = NULL;
+
+void model_render_instanced_pass(model_t mdl, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count, int pass) {
+    if(!mdl.iqm) return;
+    iqm_t *q = mdl.iqm;
 
     if (active_shadowmap && active_shadowmap->skip_render) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mat44 mv; multiply44x2(mv, view, models[0]);
+    pass_model_matrices = array_resize(pass_model_matrices, count); //@leak
+    memcpy(pass_model_matrices, models, count * sizeof(mat44));
+    memset(mdl.mesh_visible, 0, q->nummeshes * sizeof(bool));
 
-    if( count != m.num_instances ) {
-        m.num_instances = count;
-        m.instanced_matrices = (float*)models;
-        model_set_state(m);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        bool any_visible = false;
+        for (int m = 0; m < q->nummeshes; m++) {
+            bool visible = model_is_visible(mdl, m, pass_model_matrices[i], proj, view);
+            mdl.mesh_visible[m] |= visible;
+            any_visible |= visible;
+        }
+        if (!any_visible) {
+            array_erase_fast(pass_model_matrices, i);
+            i--;
+            count--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (count == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mat44 mv; multiply44x2(mv, view, pass_model_matrices[0]);
+
+    if( count != mdl.num_instances ) {
+        mdl.num_instances = count;
+        mdl.instanced_matrices = (float*)pass_model_matrices;
+        model_set_state(mdl);
     }
 
     if (model_getpass() > RENDER_PASS_SHADOW_BEGIN && model_getpass() < RENDER_PASS_SHADOW_END) {
-        shader = m.shadow_program;
+        shader = mdl.shadow_program;
     }
 
-    model_set_uniforms(m, shader > 0 ? shader : m.program, mv, proj, view, models[0]);
-    model_draw_call(m, shader > 0 ? shader : m.program, pass, pos44(view), models[0], proj, view);
+    model_set_uniforms(mdl, shader > 0 ? shader : mdl.program, mv, proj, view, pass_model_matrices[0]);
+    model_draw_call(mdl, shader > 0 ? shader : mdl.program, pass, pos44(view), pass_model_matrices[0], proj, view);
 }
 
 void model_render_instanced(model_t m, mat44 proj, mat44 view, mat44* models, int shader, unsigned count) {
@@ -22827,6 +22852,7 @@ void model_destroy(model_t m) {
     FREE(m.meshcenters);
     FREE(m.meshbounds);
     FREE(m.meshradii);
+    FREE(m.mesh_visible);
 
     iqm_t *q = m.iqm;
 //    if(m.mesh) mesh_destroy(m.mesh);
diff --git a/engine/v4k.h b/engine/v4k.h
index 1a033c4..c5dd782 100644
--- a/engine/v4k.h
+++ b/engine/v4k.h
@@ -3850,6 +3850,7 @@ typedef struct model_t {
     vec3 *meshcenters;
     aabb *meshbounds;
     float *meshradii;
+    bool *mesh_visible;
     int num_tris;
     handle vao, ibo, vbo, vao_instanced;