1047 lines
42 KiB
Groff
1047 lines
42 KiB
Groff
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.\" ========================================================================
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.\"
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.IX Title "UPX 1"
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.TH UPX 1 "2020-01-23" "upx 3.96" " "
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.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
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.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.if n .ad l
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.nh
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.SH "NAME"
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upx \- compress or expand executable files
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|
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
|
|
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
|
|
\&\fBupx\fR [\ \fIcommand\fR\ ] [\ \fIoptions\fR\ ] \fIfilename\fR...
|
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.SH "ABSTRACT"
|
|
.IX Header "ABSTRACT"
|
|
.Vb 3
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|
\& The Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
|
|
\& Copyright (c) 1996\-2020 Markus Oberhumer, Laszlo Molnar & John Reiser
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\& https://upx.github.io
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.Ve
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.PP
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|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR is a portable, extendable, high-performance executable packer for
|
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several different executable formats. It achieves an excellent compression
|
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ratio and offers \fI*very*\fR fast decompression. Your executables suffer
|
|
no memory overhead or other drawbacks for most of the formats supported,
|
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because of in-place decompression.
|
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.PP
|
|
While you may use \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR freely for both non-commercial and commercial
|
|
executables (for details see the file \s-1LICENSE\s0), we would highly
|
|
appreciate if you credit \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR and ourselves in the documentation,
|
|
possibly including a reference to the \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR home page. Thanks.
|
|
.PP
|
|
[ Using \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR in non-OpenSource applications without proper credits
|
|
is considered not politically correct ;\-) ]
|
|
.SH "DISCLAIMER"
|
|
.IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR comes with \s-1ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY\s0; for details see the file \s-1LICENSE.\s0
|
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.PP
|
|
This is the first production quality release, and we plan that future 1.xx
|
|
releases will be backward compatible with this version.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Please report all problems or suggestions to the authors. Thanks.
|
|
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
|
|
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR is a versatile executable packer with the following features:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
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|
\& \- excellent compression ratio: compresses better than zip/gzip,
|
|
\& use UPX to decrease the size of your distribution !
|
|
\&
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|
\& \- very fast decompression: about 10 MiB/sec on an ancient Pentium 133,
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|
\& about 200 MiB/sec on an Athlon XP 2000+.
|
|
\&
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|
\& \- no memory overhead for your compressed executables for most of the
|
|
\& supported formats
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|
\&
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|
\& \- safe: you can list, test and unpack your executables
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|
\& Also, a checksum of both the compressed and uncompressed file is
|
|
\& maintained internally.
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|
\&
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|
\& \- universal: UPX can pack a number of executable formats:
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|
\& * atari/tos
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|
\& * bvmlinuz/386 [bootable Linux kernel]
|
|
\& * djgpp2/coff
|
|
\& * dos/com
|
|
\& * dos/exe
|
|
\& * dos/sys
|
|
\& * linux/386
|
|
\& * linux/elf386
|
|
\& * linux/sh386
|
|
\& * ps1/exe
|
|
\& * rtm32/pe
|
|
\& * tmt/adam
|
|
\& * vmlinuz/386 [bootable Linux kernel]
|
|
\& * vmlinux/386
|
|
\& * watcom/le (supporting DOS4G, PMODE/W, DOS32a and CauseWay)
|
|
\& * win32/pe (exe and dll)
|
|
\& * win64/pe (exe and dll)
|
|
\& * arm/pe (exe and dll)
|
|
\& * linux/elfamd64
|
|
\& * linux/elfppc32
|
|
\& * mach/elfppc32
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- portable: UPX is written in portable endian\-neutral C++
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- extendable: because of the class layout it\*(Aqs very easy to support
|
|
\& new executable formats or add new compression algorithms
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- free: UPX can be distributed and used freely. And from version 0.99
|
|
\& the full source code of UPX is released under the GNU General Public
|
|
\& License (GPL) !
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
You probably understand now why we call \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR the "\fIultimate\fR"
|
|
executable packer.
|
|
.SH "COMMANDS"
|
|
.IX Header "COMMANDS"
|
|
.SS "Compress"
|
|
.IX Subsection "Compress"
|
|
This is the default operation, eg. \fBupx yourfile.exe\fR will compress the file
|
|
specified on the command line.
|
|
.SS "Decompress"
|
|
.IX Subsection "Decompress"
|
|
All \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR supported file formats can be unpacked using the \fB\-d\fR switch, eg.
|
|
\&\fBupx \-d yourfile.exe\fR will uncompress the file you've just compressed.
|
|
.SS "Test"
|
|
.IX Subsection "Test"
|
|
The \fB\-t\fR command tests the integrity of the compressed and uncompressed
|
|
data, eg. \fBupx \-t yourfile.exe\fR check whether your file can be safely
|
|
decompressed. Note, that this command doesn't check the whole file, only
|
|
the part that will be uncompressed during program execution. This means
|
|
that you should not use this command instead of a virus checker.
|
|
.SS "List"
|
|
.IX Subsection "List"
|
|
The \fB\-l\fR command prints out some information about the compressed files
|
|
specified on the command line as parameters, eg \fBupx \-l yourfile.exe\fR
|
|
shows the compressed / uncompressed size and the compression ratio of
|
|
\&\fIyourfile.exe\fR.
|
|
.SH "OPTIONS"
|
|
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
|
|
\&\fB\-q\fR: be quiet, suppress warnings
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\-q \-q\fR (or \fB\-qq\fR): be very quiet, suppress errors
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\-q \-q \-q\fR (or \fB\-qqq\fR): produce no output at all
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\-\-help\fR: prints the help
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\-\-version\fR: print the version of \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\-\-exact\fR: when compressing, require to be able to get a byte-identical file
|
|
after decompression with option \fB\-d\fR. [\s-1NOTE:\s0 this is work in progress and is
|
|
not supported for all formats yet. If you do care, as a workaround you can
|
|
compress and then decompress your program a first time \- any further
|
|
compress-decompress steps should then yield byte-identical results
|
|
as compared to the first decompressed version.]
|
|
.PP
|
|
[ ...to be written... \- type `\fBupx \-\-help\fR' for now ]
|
|
.SH "COMPRESSION LEVELS & TUNING"
|
|
.IX Header "COMPRESSION LEVELS & TUNING"
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR offers ten different compression levels from \fB\-1\fR to \fB\-9\fR,
|
|
and \fB\-\-best\fR. The default compression level is \fB\-8\fR for files
|
|
smaller than 512 KiB, and \fB\-7\fR otherwise.
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
Compression levels 1, 2 and 3 are pretty fast.
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
Compression levels 4, 5 and 6 achieve a good time/ratio performance.
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
Compression levels 7, 8 and 9 favor compression ratio over speed.
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
Compression level \fB\-\-best\fR may take a long time.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note that compression level \fB\-\-best\fR can be somewhat slow for large
|
|
files, but you definitely should use it when releasing a final version
|
|
of your program.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Quick info for achieving the best compression ratio:
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
Try \fBupx \-\-brute myfile.exe\fR or even \fBupx \-\-ultra\-brute myfile.exe\fR.
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
Try if \fB\-\-overlay=strip\fR works.
|
|
.IP "\(bu" 4
|
|
For win32/pe programs there's \fB\-\-strip\-relocs=0\fR. See notes below.
|
|
.SH "OVERLAY HANDLING OPTIONS"
|
|
.IX Header "OVERLAY HANDLING OPTIONS"
|
|
Info: An \*(L"overlay\*(R" means auxiliary data attached after the logical end of
|
|
an executable, and it often contains application specific data
|
|
(this is a common practice to avoid an extra data file, though
|
|
it would be better to use resource sections).
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR handles overlays like many other executable packers do: it simply
|
|
copies the overlay after the compressed image. This works with some
|
|
files, but doesn't work with others, depending on how an application
|
|
actually accesses this overlayed data.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& \-\-overlay=copy Copy any extra data attached to the file. [DEFAULT]
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-overlay=strip Strip any overlay from the program instead of
|
|
\& copying it. Be warned, this may make the compressed
|
|
\& program crash or otherwise unusable.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-overlay=skip Refuse to compress any program which has an overlay.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
|
|
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
|
|
The environment variable \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR can hold a set of default
|
|
options for \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR. These options are interpreted first and
|
|
can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters.
|
|
For example:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 3
|
|
\& for DOS/Windows: set UPX=\-9 \-\-compress\-icons#0
|
|
\& for sh/ksh/zsh: UPX="\-9 \-\-compress\-icons=0"; export UPX
|
|
\& for csh/tcsh: setenv UPX "\-9 \-\-compress\-icons=0"
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Under DOS/Windows you must use '#' instead of '=' when setting the
|
|
environment variable because of a \s-1COMMAND.COM\s0 limitation.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Not all of the options are valid in the environment variable \-
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR will tell you.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You can explicitly use the \fB\-\-no\-env\fR option to ignore the
|
|
environment variable.
|
|
.SH "NOTES FOR THE SUPPORTED EXECUTABLE FORMATS"
|
|
.IX Header "NOTES FOR THE SUPPORTED EXECUTABLE FORMATS"
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR ATARI/TOS\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR ATARI/TOS"
|
|
This is the executable format used by the Atari \s-1ST/TT,\s0 a Motorola 68000
|
|
based personal computer which was popular in the late '80s. Support
|
|
of this format is only because of nostalgic feelings of one of
|
|
the authors and serves no practical purpose :\-).
|
|
See http://www.freemint.de for more info.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
All debug information will be stripped, though.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR BVMLINUZ/I386\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR BVMLINUZ/I386"
|
|
Same as vmlinuz/i386.
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR DOS/COM\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR DOS/COM"
|
|
Obviously \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR won't work with executables that want to read data from
|
|
themselves (like some commandline utilities that ship with Win95/98/ME).
|
|
.PP
|
|
Compressed programs only work on a 286+.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Maximum uncompressed size: ~65100 bytes.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& \-\-8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-filters Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available preprocessing filters. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default filter gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR DOS/EXE\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR DOS/EXE"
|
|
dos/exe stands for all \*(L"normal\*(R" 16\-bit \s-1DOS\s0 executables.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Obviously \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR won't work with executables that want to read data from
|
|
themselves (like some command line utilities that ship with Win95/98/ME).
|
|
.PP
|
|
Compressed programs only work on a 286+.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& \-\-8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-no\-reloc Use no relocation records in the exe header.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR DOS/SYS\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR DOS/SYS"
|
|
Compressed programs only work on a 286+.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Maximum uncompressed size: ~65350 bytes.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& \-\-8086 Create an executable that works on any 8086 CPU.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-filters Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available preprocessing filters. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default filter gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR DJGPP2/COFF\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR DJGPP2/COFF"
|
|
First of all, it is recommended to use \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR *instead* of \fBstrip\fR. strip has
|
|
the very bad habit of replacing your stub with its own (outdated) version.
|
|
Additionally \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR corrects a bug/feature in strip v2.8.x: it
|
|
will fix the 4 KiB alignment of the stub.
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR includes the full functionality of stubify. This means it will
|
|
automatically stubify your \s-1COFF\s0 files. Use the option \fB\-\-coff\fR to
|
|
disable this functionality (see below).
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR automatically handles Allegro packfiles.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \s-1DLM\s0 format (a rather exotic shared library extension) is not supported.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
All debug information and trailing garbage will be stripped, though.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& \-\-coff Produce COFF output instead of EXE. By default
|
|
\& UPX keeps your current stub.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-filters Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available preprocessing filters. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default filter gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR LINUX\s0 [general]"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR LINUX [general]"
|
|
Introduction
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& Linux/386 support in UPX consists of 3 different executable formats,
|
|
\& one optimized for ELF executables ("linux/elf386"), one optimized
|
|
\& for shell scripts ("linux/sh386"), and one generic format
|
|
\& ("linux/386").
|
|
\&
|
|
\& We will start with a general discussion first, but please
|
|
\& also read the relevant docs for each of the individual formats.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& Also, there is special support for bootable kernels \- see the
|
|
\& description of the vmlinuz/386 format.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
General user's overview
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 7
|
|
\& Running a compressed executable program trades less space on a
|
|
\& \`\`permanent\*(Aq\*(Aq storage medium (such as a hard disk, floppy disk,
|
|
\& CD\-ROM, flash memory, EPROM, etc.) for more space in one or more
|
|
\& \`\`temporary\*(Aq\*(Aq storage media (such as RAM, swap space, /tmp, etc.).
|
|
\& Running a compressed executable also requires some additional CPU
|
|
\& cycles to generate the compressed executable in the first place,
|
|
\& and to decompress it at each invocation.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& How much space is traded? It depends on the executable, but many
|
|
\& programs save 30% to 50% of permanent disk space. How much CPU
|
|
\& overhead is there? Again, it depends on the executable, but
|
|
\& decompression speed generally is at least many megabytes per second,
|
|
\& and frequently is limited by the speed of the underlying disk
|
|
\& or network I/O.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& Depending on the statistics of usage and access, and the relative
|
|
\& speeds of CPU, RAM, swap space, /tmp, and file system storage, then
|
|
\& invoking and running a compressed executable can be faster than
|
|
\& directly running the corresponding uncompressed program.
|
|
\& The operating system might perform fewer expensive I/O operations
|
|
\& to invoke the compressed program. Paging to or from swap space
|
|
\& or /tmp might be faster than paging from the general file system.
|
|
\& \`\`Medium\-sized\*(Aq\*(Aq programs which access about 1/3 to 1/2 of their
|
|
\& stored program bytes can do particularly well with compression.
|
|
\& Small programs tend not to benefit as much because the absolute
|
|
\& savings is less. Big programs tend not to benefit proportionally
|
|
\& because each invocation may use only a small fraction of the program,
|
|
\& yet UPX decompresses the entire program before invoking it.
|
|
\& But in environments where disk or flash memory storage is limited,
|
|
\& then compression may win anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& Currently, executables compressed by UPX do not share RAM at runtime
|
|
\& in the way that executables mapped from a file system do. As a
|
|
\& result, if the same program is run simultaneously by more than one
|
|
\& process, then using the compressed version will require more RAM and/or
|
|
\& swap space. So, shell programs (bash, csh, etc.) and \`\`make\*(Aq\*(Aq
|
|
\& might not be good candidates for compression.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& UPX recognizes three executable formats for Linux: Linux/elf386,
|
|
\& Linux/sh386, and Linux/386. Linux/386 is the most generic format;
|
|
\& it accommodates any file that can be executed. At runtime, the UPX
|
|
\& decompression stub re\-creates in /tmp a copy of the original file,
|
|
\& and then the copy is (re\-)executed with the same arguments.
|
|
\& ELF binary executables prefer the Linux/elf386 format by default,
|
|
\& because UPX decompresses them directly into RAM, uses only one
|
|
\& exec, does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.
|
|
\& Shell scripts where the underlying shell accepts a \`\`\-c\*(Aq\*(Aq argument
|
|
\& can use the Linux/sh386 format. UPX decompresses the shell script
|
|
\& into low memory, then maps the shell and passes the entire text of the
|
|
\& script as an argument with a leading \`\`\-c\*(Aq\*(Aq.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
General benefits:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \- UPX can compress all executables, be it AOUT, ELF, libc4, libc5,
|
|
\& libc6, Shell/Perl/Python/... scripts, standalone Java .class
|
|
\& binaries, or whatever...
|
|
\& All scripts and programs will work just as before.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Compressed programs are completely self\-contained. No need for
|
|
\& any external program.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- UPX keeps your original program untouched. This means that
|
|
\& after decompression you will have a byte\-identical version,
|
|
\& and you can use UPX as a file compressor just like gzip.
|
|
\& [ Note that UPX maintains a checksum of the file internally,
|
|
\& so it is indeed a reliable alternative. ]
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- As the stub only uses syscalls and isn\*(Aqt linked against libc it
|
|
\& should run under any Linux configuration that can run ELF
|
|
\& binaries.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- For the same reason compressed executables should run under
|
|
\& FreeBSD and other systems which can run Linux binaries.
|
|
\& [ Please send feedback on this topic ]
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
General drawbacks:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \- It is not advisable to compress programs which usually have many
|
|
\& instances running (like \`sh\*(Aq or \`make\*(Aq) because the common segments of
|
|
\& compressed programs won\*(Aqt be shared any longer between different
|
|
\& processes.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- \`ldd\*(Aq and \`size\*(Aq won\*(Aqt show anything useful because all they
|
|
\& see is the statically linked stub. Since version 0.82 the section
|
|
\& headers are stripped from the UPX stub and \`size\*(Aq doesn\*(Aqt even
|
|
\& recognize the file format. The file patches/patch\-elfcode.h has a
|
|
\& patch to fix this bug in \`size\*(Aq and other programs which use GNU BFD.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
General notes:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& \- As UPX leaves your original program untouched it is advantageous
|
|
\& to strip it before compression.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- If you compress a script you will lose platform independence \-
|
|
\& this could be a problem if you are using NFS mounted disks.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Compression of suid, guid and sticky\-bit programs is rejected
|
|
\& because of possible security implications.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- For the same reason there is no sense in making any compressed
|
|
\& program suid.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Obviously UPX won\*(Aqt work with executables that want to read data
|
|
\& from themselves. E.g., this might be a problem for Perl scripts
|
|
\& which access their _\|_DATA_\|_ lines.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- In case of internal errors the stub will abort with exitcode 127.
|
|
\& Typical reasons for this to happen are that the program has somehow
|
|
\& been modified after compression.
|
|
\& Running \`strace \-o strace.log compressed_file\*(Aq will tell you more.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR LINUX/ELF386\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR LINUX/ELF386"
|
|
Please read the general Linux description first.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The linux/elf386 format decompresses directly into \s-1RAM,\s0
|
|
uses only one exec, does not use space in /tmp,
|
|
and does not use /proc.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Linux/elf386 is automatically selected for Linux \s-1ELF\s0 executables.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
.PP
|
|
How it works:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 9
|
|
\& For ELF executables, UPX decompresses directly to memory, simulating
|
|
\& the mapping that the operating system kernel uses during exec(),
|
|
\& including the PT_INTERP program interpreter (if any).
|
|
\& The brk() is set by a special PT_LOAD segment in the compressed
|
|
\& executable itself. UPX then wipes the stack clean except for
|
|
\& arguments, environment variables, and Elf_auxv entries (this is
|
|
\& required by bugs in the startup code of /lib/ld\-linux.so as of
|
|
\& May 2000), and transfers control to the program interpreter or
|
|
\& the e_entry address of the original executable.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
|
|
\& and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Specific drawbacks:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 9
|
|
\& \- For linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 formats, you will be relying on
|
|
\& RAM and swap space to hold all of the decompressed program during
|
|
\& the lifetime of the process. If you already use most of your swap
|
|
\& space, then you may run out. A system that is "out of memory"
|
|
\& can become fragile. Many programs do not react gracefully when
|
|
\& malloc() returns 0. With newer Linux kernels, the kernel
|
|
\& may decide to kill some processes to regain memory, and you
|
|
\& may not like the kernel\*(Aqs choice of which to kill. Running
|
|
\& /usr/bin/top is one way to check on the usage of swap space.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& (none)
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR LINUX/SH386\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR LINUX/SH386"
|
|
Please read the general Linux description first.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Shell scripts where the underling shell accepts a ``\-c'' argument
|
|
can use the Linux/sh386 format. \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR decompresses the shell script
|
|
into low memory, then maps the shell and passes the entire text of the
|
|
script as an argument with a leading ``\-c''.
|
|
It does not use space in /tmp, and does not use /proc.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Linux/sh386 is automatically selected for shell scripts that
|
|
use a known shell.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
.PP
|
|
How it works:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 8
|
|
\& For shell script executables (files beginning with "#!/" or "#! /")
|
|
\& where the shell is known to accept "\-c <command>", UPX decompresses
|
|
\& the file into low memory, then maps the shell (and its PT_INTERP),
|
|
\& and passes control to the shell with the entire decompressed file
|
|
\& as the argument after "\-c". Known shells are sh, ash, bash, bsh, csh,
|
|
\& ksh, tcsh, pdksh. Restriction: UPX cannot use this method
|
|
\& for shell scripts which use the one optional string argument after
|
|
\& the shell name in the script (example: "#! /bin/sh option3\en".)
|
|
\&
|
|
\& The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
|
|
\& and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Specific drawbacks:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 9
|
|
\& \- For linux/elf386 and linux/sh386 formats, you will be relying on
|
|
\& RAM and swap space to hold all of the decompressed program during
|
|
\& the lifetime of the process. If you already use most of your swap
|
|
\& space, then you may run out. A system that is "out of memory"
|
|
\& can become fragile. Many programs do not react gracefully when
|
|
\& malloc() returns 0. With newer Linux kernels, the kernel
|
|
\& may decide to kill some processes to regain memory, and you
|
|
\& may not like the kernel\*(Aqs choice of which to kill. Running
|
|
\& /usr/bin/top is one way to check on the usage of swap space.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& (none)
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR LINUX/386\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR LINUX/386"
|
|
Please read the general Linux description first.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The generic linux/386 format decompresses to /tmp and needs
|
|
/proc file system support. It starts the decompressed program
|
|
via the \fBexecve()\fR syscall.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Linux/386 is only selected if the specialized linux/elf386
|
|
and linux/sh386 won't recognize a file.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression.
|
|
.PP
|
|
How it works:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 7
|
|
\& For files which are not ELF and not a script for a known "\-c" shell,
|
|
\& UPX uses kernel execve(), which first requires decompressing to a
|
|
\& temporary file in the file system. Interestingly \-
|
|
\& because of the good memory management of the Linux kernel \- this
|
|
\& often does not introduce a noticeable delay, and in fact there
|
|
\& will be no disk access at all if you have enough free memory as
|
|
\& the entire process takes places within the file system buffers.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& A compressed executable consists of the UPX stub and an overlay
|
|
\& which contains the original program in a compressed form.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& The UPX stub is a statically linked ELF executable and does
|
|
\& the following at program startup:
|
|
\&
|
|
\& 1) decompress the overlay to a temporary location in /tmp
|
|
\& 2) open the temporary file for reading
|
|
\& 3) try to delete the temporary file and start (execve)
|
|
\& the uncompressed program in /tmp using /proc/<pid>/fd/X as
|
|
\& attained by step 2)
|
|
\& 4) if that fails, fork off a subprocess to clean up and
|
|
\& start the program in /tmp in the meantime
|
|
\&
|
|
\& The UPX stub is about 1700 bytes long, partly written in assembler
|
|
\& and only uses kernel syscalls. It is not linked against any libc.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Specific drawbacks:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \- You need additional free disk space for the uncompressed program
|
|
\& in your /tmp directory. This program is deleted immediately after
|
|
\& decompression, but you still need it for the full execution time
|
|
\& of the program.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- You must have /proc file system support as the stub wants to open
|
|
\& /proc/<pid>/exe and needs /proc/<pid>/fd/X. This also means that you
|
|
\& cannot compress programs that are used during the boot sequence
|
|
\& before /proc is mounted.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Utilities like \`top\*(Aq will display numerical values in the process
|
|
\& name field. This is because Linux computes the process name from
|
|
\& the first argument of the last execve syscall (which is typically
|
|
\& something like /proc/<pid>/fd/3).
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Because of temporary decompression to disk the decompression speed
|
|
\& is not as fast as with the other executable formats. Still, I can see
|
|
\& no noticeable delay when starting programs like my ~3 MiB emacs (which
|
|
\& is less than 1 MiB when compressed :\-).
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 3
|
|
\& \-\-force\-execve Force the use of the generic linux/386 "execve"
|
|
\& format, i.e. do not try the linux/elf386 and
|
|
\& linux/sh386 formats.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR PS1/EXE\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR PS1/EXE"
|
|
This is the executable format used by the Sony PlayStation (PSone),
|
|
a Mips R3000 based gaming console which is popular since the late '90s.
|
|
Support of this format is very similar to the Atari one, because of
|
|
nostalgic feelings of one of the authors.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Packed programs will be byte-identical to the original after uncompression,
|
|
until further notice.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Maximum uncompressed size: ~1.89 / ~7.60 MiB.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Notes:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 6
|
|
\& \- UPX creates as default a suitable executable for CD\-Mastering
|
|
\& and console transfer. For a CD\-Master main executable you could also try
|
|
\& the special option "\-\-boot\-only" as described below.
|
|
\& It has been reported that upx packed executables are fully compatible with
|
|
\& the Sony PlayStation 2 (PS2, PStwo) and Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP) in
|
|
\& Sony PlayStation (PSone) emulation mode.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Normally the packed files use the same memory areas like the uncompressed
|
|
\& versions, so they will not override other memory areas while unpacking.
|
|
\& If this isn\*(Aqt possible UPX will abort showing a \*(Aqpacked data overlap\*(Aq
|
|
\& error. With the "\-\-force" option UPX will relocate the loading address
|
|
\& for the packed file, but this isn\*(Aqt a real problem if it is a single or
|
|
\& the main executable.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-8\-bit Uses 8 bit size compression [default: 32 bit]
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-8mib\-ram PSone has 8 MiB ram available [default: 2 MiB]
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-boot\-only This format is for main exes and CD\-Mastering only !
|
|
\& It may slightly improve the compression ratio,
|
|
\& decompression routines are faster than default ones.
|
|
\& But it cannot be used for console transfer !
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-no\-align This option disables CD mode 2 data sector format
|
|
\& alignment. May slightly improves the compression ratio,
|
|
\& but the compressed executable will not boot from a CD.
|
|
\& Use it for console transfer only !
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR RTM32/PE\s0 and \s-1ARM/PE\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR RTM32/PE and ARM/PE"
|
|
Same as win32/pe.
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR TMT/ADAM\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR TMT/ADAM"
|
|
This format is used by the \s-1TMT\s0 Pascal compiler \- see http://www.tmt.com/ .
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-filters Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available preprocessing filters. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default filter gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR VMLINUZ/386\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR VMLINUZ/386"
|
|
The vmlinuz/386 and bvmlinuz/386 formats take a gzip-compressed
|
|
bootable Linux kernel image (\*(L"vmlinuz\*(R", \*(L"zImage\*(R", \*(L"bzImage\*(R"),
|
|
gzip-decompress it and re-compress it with the \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR compression method.
|
|
.PP
|
|
vmlinuz/386 is completely unrelated to the other Linux executable
|
|
formats, and it does not share any of their drawbacks.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Notes:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 3
|
|
\& \- Be sure that "vmlinuz/386" or "bvmlinuz/386" is displayed
|
|
\& during compression \- otherwise a wrong executable format
|
|
\& may have been used, and the kernel won\*(Aqt boot.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Benefits:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \- Better compression (but note that the kernel was already compressed,
|
|
\& so the improvement is not as large as with other formats).
|
|
\& Still, the bytes saved may be essential for special needs like
|
|
\& boot disks.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& For example, this is what I get for my 2.2.16 kernel:
|
|
\& 1589708 vmlinux
|
|
\& 641073 bzImage [original]
|
|
\& 560755 bzImage.upx [compressed by "upx \-9"]
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \- Much faster decompression at kernel boot time (but kernel
|
|
\& decompression speed is not really an issue these days).
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Drawbacks:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& (none)
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-filters Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available preprocessing filters. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default filter gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR WATCOM/LE\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR WATCOM/LE"
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR has been successfully tested with the following extenders:
|
|
\s-1DOS4G, DOS4GW, PMODE/W,\s0 DOS32a, CauseWay.
|
|
The \s-1WDOS/X\s0 extender is partly supported (for details
|
|
see the file bugs \s-1BUGS\s0).
|
|
.PP
|
|
DLLs and the \s-1LX\s0 format are not supported.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& \-\-le Produce an unbound LE output instead of
|
|
\& keeping the current stub.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SS "\s-1NOTES FOR WIN32/PE\s0"
|
|
.IX Subsection "NOTES FOR WIN32/PE"
|
|
The \s-1PE\s0 support in \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR is quite stable now, but probably there are
|
|
still some incompatibilities with some files.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Because of the way \fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR (and other packers for this format) works, you
|
|
can see increased memory usage of your compressed files because the whole
|
|
program is loaded into memory at startup.
|
|
If you start several instances of huge compressed programs you're
|
|
wasting memory because the common segments of the program won't
|
|
get shared across the instances.
|
|
On the other hand if you're compressing only smaller programs, or
|
|
running only one instance of larger programs, then this penalty is
|
|
smaller, but it's still there.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If you're running executables from network, then compressed programs
|
|
will load faster, and require less bandwidth during execution.
|
|
.PP
|
|
DLLs are supported. But \s-1UPX\s0 compressed DLLs can not share common data and
|
|
code when they got used by multiple applications. So compressing msvcrt.dll
|
|
is a waste of memory, but compressing the dll plugins of a particular
|
|
application may be a better idea.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Screensavers are supported, with the restriction that the filename
|
|
must end with \*(L".scr\*(R" (as screensavers are handled slightly different
|
|
than normal exe files).
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\s-1UPX\s0 compressed \s-1PE\s0 files have some minor memory overhead (usually in the
|
|
10 \- 30 KiB range) which can be seen by specifying the \*(L"\-i\*(R" command
|
|
line switch during compression.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Extra options available for this executable format:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 9
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-exports=0 Don\*(Aqt compress the export section.
|
|
\& Use this if you plan to run the compressed
|
|
\& program under Wine.
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-exports=1 Compress the export section. [DEFAULT]
|
|
\& Compression of the export section can improve the
|
|
\& compression ratio quite a bit but may not work
|
|
\& with all programs (like winword.exe).
|
|
\& UPX never compresses the export section of a DLL
|
|
\& regardless of this option.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-icons=0 Don\*(Aqt compress any icons.
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-icons=1 Compress all but the first icon.
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-icons=2 Compress all icons which are not in the
|
|
\& first icon directory. [DEFAULT]
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-icons=3 Compress all icons.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-compress\-resources=0 Don\*(Aqt compress any resources at all.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-keep\-resource=list Don\*(Aqt compress resources specified by the list.
|
|
\& The members of the list are separated by commas.
|
|
\& A list member has the following format: I<type[/name]>.
|
|
\& I<Type> is the type of the resource. Standard types
|
|
\& must be specified as decimal numbers, user types can be
|
|
\& specified by decimal IDs or strings. I<Name> is the
|
|
\& identifier of the resource. It can be a decimal number
|
|
\& or a string. For example:
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-keep\-resource=2/MYBITMAP,5,6/12345
|
|
\&
|
|
\& UPX won\*(Aqt compress the named bitmap resource "MYBITMAP",
|
|
\& it leaves every dialog (5) resource uncompressed, and
|
|
\& it won\*(Aqt touch the string table resource with identifier
|
|
\& 12345.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-force Force compression even when there is an
|
|
\& unexpected value in a header field.
|
|
\& Use with care.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-strip\-relocs=0 Don\*(Aqt strip relocation records.
|
|
\& \-\-strip\-relocs=1 Strip relocation records. [DEFAULT]
|
|
\& This option only works on executables with base
|
|
\& address greater or equal to 0x400000. Usually the
|
|
\& compressed files becomes smaller, but some files
|
|
\& may become larger. Note that the resulting file will
|
|
\& not work under Windows 3.x (Win32s).
|
|
\& UPX never strips relocations from a DLL
|
|
\& regardless of this option.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-methods Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available compression methods. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default method gives the best results anyway.
|
|
\&
|
|
\& \-\-all\-filters Compress the program several times, using all
|
|
\& available preprocessing filters. This may improve
|
|
\& the compression ratio in some cases, but usually
|
|
\& the default filter gives the best results anyway.
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
|
|
.IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS"
|
|
Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status
|
|
is 1. If a warning occurs, exit status is 2.
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0\fR's diagnostics are intended to be self-explanatory.
|
|
.SH "BUGS"
|
|
.IX Header "BUGS"
|
|
Please report all bugs immediately to the authors.
|
|
.SH "AUTHORS"
|
|
.IX Header "AUTHORS"
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& Markus F.X.J. Oberhumer <markus@oberhumer.com>
|
|
\& http://www.oberhumer.com
|
|
\&
|
|
\& Laszlo Molnar <ezerotven+github@gmail.com>
|
|
\&
|
|
\& John F. Reiser <jreiser@BitWagon.com>
|
|
\&
|
|
\& Jens Medoch <jssg@users.sourceforge.net>
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
Copyright (C) 1996\-2020 Markus Franz Xaver Johannes Oberhumer
|
|
.PP
|
|
Copyright (C) 1996\-2020 Laszlo Molnar
|
|
.PP
|
|
Copyright (C) 2000\-2020 John F. Reiser
|
|
.PP
|
|
Copyright (C) 2002\-2020 Jens Medoch
|
|
.PP
|
|
This program may be used freely, and you are welcome to
|
|
redistribute it under certain conditions.
|
|
.PP
|
|
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
|
but \s-1WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY\s0; without even the implied warranty of
|
|
\&\s-1MERCHANTABILITY\s0 or \s-1FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\s0 See the
|
|
\&\fB\s-1UPX\s0 License Agreement\fR for more details.
|
|
.PP
|
|
You should have received a copy of the \s-1UPX\s0 License Agreement along
|
|
with this program; see the file \s-1LICENSE.\s0 If not, visit the \s-1UPX\s0 home page.
|