assimp/code/IFCGeometry.cpp

/*
Open Asset Import Library (ASSIMP)
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Copyright (c) 2006-2010, ASSIMP Development Team
All rights reserved.

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  following disclaimer.

* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
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  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
  derived from this software without specific prior
  written permission of the ASSIMP Development Team.

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"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT 
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*/

/** @file  IFCGeometry.cpp
 *  @brief Geometry conversion and synthesis for IFC
 */

#include "AssimpPCH.h"

#ifndef ASSIMP_BUILD_NO_IFC_IMPORTER
#include "IFCUtil.h"
#include "PolyTools.h"
#include "ProcessHelper.h"

#include <iterator>

namespace Assimp {
	namespace IFC {

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ProcessPolyloop(const IfcPolyLoop& loop, TempMesh& meshout, ConversionData& /*conv*/)
{
	size_t cnt = 0;
	BOOST_FOREACH(const IfcCartesianPoint& c, loop.Polygon) {
		aiVector3D tmp;
		ConvertCartesianPoint(tmp,c);

		meshout.verts.push_back(tmp);
		++cnt;
	}

	meshout.vertcnt.push_back(cnt);

	// zero- or one- vertex polyloops simply ignored
	if (meshout.vertcnt.back() > 1) { 
		return true;
	}
	
	if (meshout.vertcnt.back()==1) {
		meshout.vertcnt.pop_back();
		meshout.verts.pop_back();
	}
	return false;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ComputePolygonNormals(const TempMesh& meshout, std::vector<aiVector3D>& normals, bool normalize = true, size_t ofs = 0) 
{
	size_t max_vcount = 0;
	std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator begin=meshout.vertcnt.begin()+ofs, end=meshout.vertcnt.end(),  iit;
	for(iit = begin; iit != end; ++iit) {
		max_vcount = std::max(max_vcount,static_cast<size_t>(*iit));
	}

	std::vector<float> temp((max_vcount+2)*4);
	normals.reserve( normals.size() + meshout.vertcnt.size()-ofs );

	// `NewellNormal()` currently has a relatively strange interface and need to 
	// re-structure things a bit to meet them.
	size_t vidx = std::accumulate(meshout.vertcnt.begin(),begin,0);
	for(iit = begin; iit != end; vidx += *iit++) {
		if (!*iit) {
			normals.push_back(aiVector3D());
			continue;
		}
		for(size_t vofs = 0, cnt = 0; vofs < *iit; ++vofs) {
			const aiVector3D& v = meshout.verts[vidx+vofs];
			temp[cnt++] = v.x;
			temp[cnt++] = v.y;
			temp[cnt++] = v.z;
#ifdef _DEBUG
			temp[cnt] = std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN();
#endif
			++cnt;
		}

		normals.push_back(aiVector3D());
		NewellNormal<4,4,4>(normals.back(),*iit,&temp[0],&temp[1],&temp[2]);
	}

	if(normalize) {
		BOOST_FOREACH(aiVector3D& n, normals) {
			n.Normalize();
		}
	}
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compute the normal of the last polygon in the given mesh
aiVector3D ComputePolygonNormal(const TempMesh& inmesh, bool normalize = true) 
{
	size_t total = inmesh.vertcnt.back(), vidx = inmesh.verts.size() - total;
	std::vector<float> temp((total+2)*3);
	for(size_t vofs = 0, cnt = 0; vofs < total; ++vofs) {
		const aiVector3D& v = inmesh.verts[vidx+vofs];
		temp[cnt++] = v.x;
		temp[cnt++] = v.y;
		temp[cnt++] = v.z;
	}
	aiVector3D nor;
	NewellNormal<3,3,3>(nor,total,&temp[0],&temp[1],&temp[2]);
	return normalize ? nor.Normalize() : nor;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void FixupFaceOrientation(TempMesh& result)
{
	const aiVector3D vavg = result.Center();

	std::vector<aiVector3D> normals;
	ComputePolygonNormals(result,normals);

	size_t c = 0, ofs = 0;
	BOOST_FOREACH(unsigned int cnt, result.vertcnt) {
		if (cnt>2){
			const aiVector3D& thisvert = result.verts[c];
			if (normals[ofs]*(thisvert-vavg) < 0) {
				std::reverse(result.verts.begin()+c,result.verts.begin()+cnt+c);
			}
		}
		c += cnt;
		++ofs;
	}
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void RecursiveMergeBoundaries(TempMesh& final_result, const TempMesh& in, const TempMesh& boundary, std::vector<aiVector3D>& normals, const aiVector3D& nor_boundary)
{
	ai_assert(in.vertcnt.size() >= 1);
	ai_assert(boundary.vertcnt.size() == 1);
	std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator end = in.vertcnt.end(), begin=in.vertcnt.begin(), iit, best_iit;

	TempMesh out;

	// iterate through all other bounds and find the one for which the shortest connection
	// to the outer boundary is actually the shortest possible.
	size_t vidx = 0, best_vidx_start = 0;
	size_t best_ofs, best_outer = boundary.verts.size();
	float best_dist = 1e10;
	for(std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator iit = begin; iit != end; vidx += *iit++) {
		
		for(size_t vofs = 0; vofs < *iit; ++vofs) {
			const aiVector3D& v = in.verts[vidx+vofs];

			for(size_t outer = 0; outer < boundary.verts.size(); ++outer) {
				const aiVector3D& o = boundary.verts[outer];
				const float d = (o-v).SquareLength();

				if (d < best_dist) {
					best_dist = d;
					best_ofs = vofs;
					best_outer = outer;
					best_iit = iit;
					best_vidx_start = vidx;
				}
			}		
		}
	}

	ai_assert(best_outer != boundary.verts.size());


	// now that we collected all vertex connections to be added, build the output polygon
	const size_t cnt = boundary.verts.size() + *best_iit+2;
	out.verts.reserve(cnt);

	for(size_t outer = 0; outer < boundary.verts.size(); ++outer) {
		const aiVector3D& o = boundary.verts[outer];
		out.verts.push_back(o);

		if (outer == best_outer) {
			for(size_t i = best_ofs; i < *best_iit; ++i) {
				out.verts.push_back(in.verts[best_vidx_start + i]);
			}

			// we need the first vertex of the inner polygon twice as we return to the
			// outer loop through the very same connection through which we got there.
			for(size_t i = 0; i <= best_ofs; ++i) {
				out.verts.push_back(in.verts[best_vidx_start + i]);
			}

			// reverse face winding if the normal of the sub-polygon points in the
			// same direction as the normal of the outer polygonal boundary
			if (normals[std::distance(begin,best_iit)] * nor_boundary > 0) {
				std::reverse(out.verts.rbegin(),out.verts.rbegin()+*best_iit+1);
			}

			// also append a copy of the initial insertion point to be able to continue the outer polygon
			out.verts.push_back(o);
		}
	}
	out.vertcnt.push_back(cnt);
	ai_assert(out.verts.size() == cnt);

	if (in.vertcnt.size()-std::count(begin,end,0) > 1) {
		// Recursively apply the same algorithm if there are more boundaries to merge. The
		// current implementation is relatively inefficient, though.
		
		TempMesh temp;
		
		// drop the boundary that we just processed
		const size_t dist = std::distance(begin, best_iit);
		TempMesh remaining = in;
		remaining.vertcnt.erase(remaining.vertcnt.begin() + dist);
		remaining.verts.erase(remaining.verts.begin()+best_vidx_start,remaining.verts.begin()+best_vidx_start+*best_iit);

		normals.erase(normals.begin() + dist);
		RecursiveMergeBoundaries(temp,remaining,out,normals,nor_boundary);

		final_result.Append(temp);
	}
	else final_result.Append(out);
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MergePolygonBoundaries(TempMesh& result, const TempMesh& inmesh, size_t master_bounds = -1) 
{
	// standard case - only one boundary, just copy it to the result vector
	if (inmesh.vertcnt.size() <= 1) {
		result.Append(inmesh);
		return;
	}

	result.vertcnt.reserve(inmesh.vertcnt.size()+result.vertcnt.size());

	// XXX get rid of the extra copy if possible
	TempMesh meshout = inmesh;

	// handle polygons with holes. Our built in triangulation won't handle them as is, but
	// the ear cutting algorithm is solid enough to deal with them if we join the inner
	// holes with the outer boundaries by dummy connections.
	IFCImporter::LogDebug("fixing polygon with holes for triangulation via ear-cutting");
	std::vector<unsigned int>::iterator outer_polygon = meshout.vertcnt.end(), begin=meshout.vertcnt.begin(), end=outer_polygon,  iit;

	// each hole results in two extra vertices
	result.verts.reserve(meshout.verts.size()+meshout.vertcnt.size()*2+result.verts.size());
	size_t outer_polygon_start = 0;

	// do not normalize 'normals', we need the original length for computing the polygon area
	std::vector<aiVector3D> normals;
	ComputePolygonNormals(meshout,normals,false);

	// see if one of the polygons is a IfcFaceOuterBound (in which case `master_bounds` is its index).
	// sadly we can't rely on it, the docs say 'At most one of the bounds shall be of the type IfcFaceOuterBound' 
	float area_outer_polygon = 1e-10f;
	if (master_bounds != (size_t)-1) {
		outer_polygon = begin + master_bounds;
		outer_polygon_start = std::accumulate(begin,outer_polygon,0);
		area_outer_polygon = normals[master_bounds].SquareLength();
	}
	else {
		size_t vidx = 0;
		for(iit = begin; iit != meshout.vertcnt.end(); vidx += *iit++) {
			// find the polygon with the largest area, it must be the outer bound. 
			aiVector3D& n = normals[std::distance(begin,iit)];
			const float area = n.SquareLength();
			if (area > area_outer_polygon) {
				area_outer_polygon = area;
				outer_polygon = iit;
				outer_polygon_start = vidx;
			}
		}
	}

	ai_assert(outer_polygon != meshout.vertcnt.end());	
	std::vector<aiVector3D>& in = meshout.verts;

	// skip over extremely small boundaries - this is a workaround to fix cases
	// in which the number of holes is so extremely large that the
	// triangulation code fails.
#define IFC_VERTICAL_HOLE_SIZE_THRESHOLD 0.000001f
	size_t vidx = 0, removed = 0, index = 0;
	const float threshold = area_outer_polygon * IFC_VERTICAL_HOLE_SIZE_THRESHOLD;
	for(iit = begin; iit != end ;++index) {
		const float sqlen = normals[index].SquareLength();
		if (sqlen < threshold) {
			std::vector<aiVector3D>::iterator inbase = in.begin()+vidx;
			in.erase(inbase,inbase+*iit);
			
			outer_polygon_start -= outer_polygon_start>vidx ? *iit : 0;
			*iit++ = 0;
			++removed;

			IFCImporter::LogDebug("skip small hole below threshold");
		}
		else {
			normals[index] /= sqrt(sqlen);
			vidx += *iit++;
		}
	}

	// see if one or more of the hole has a face that lies directly on an outer bound.
	// this happens for doors, for example.
	vidx = 0;
	for(iit = begin; ; vidx += *iit++) {
next_loop:
		if (iit == end) {
			break;
		}
		if (iit == outer_polygon) {
			continue;
		}

		for(size_t vofs = 0; vofs < *iit; ++vofs) {
			if (!*iit) {
				continue;
			}
			const size_t next = (vofs+1)%*iit;
			const aiVector3D& v = in[vidx+vofs], &vnext = in[vidx+next],&vd = (vnext-v).Normalize();

			for(size_t outer = 0; outer < *outer_polygon; ++outer) {
				const aiVector3D& o = in[outer_polygon_start+outer], &onext = in[outer_polygon_start+(outer+1)%*outer_polygon], &od = (onext-o).Normalize();

				if (fabs(vd * od) > 1.f-1e-6f && (onext-v).Normalize() * vd > 1.f-1e-6f && (onext-v)*(o-v) < 0) {
					IFCImporter::LogDebug("got an inner hole that lies partly on the outer polygonal boundary, merging them to a single contour");

					// in between outer and outer+1 insert all vertices of this loop, then drop the original altogether.
					std::vector<aiVector3D> tmp(*iit);

					const size_t start = (v-o).SquareLength() > (vnext-o).SquareLength() ? vofs :  next;
					std::vector<aiVector3D>::iterator inbase = in.begin()+vidx, it = std::copy(inbase+start, inbase+*iit,tmp.begin());
					std::copy(inbase, inbase+start,it);
					std::reverse(tmp.begin(),tmp.end());

					in.insert(in.begin()+outer_polygon_start+(outer+1)%*outer_polygon,tmp.begin(),tmp.end());
					vidx += outer_polygon_start<vidx ? *iit : 0;

					inbase = in.begin()+vidx;
					in.erase(inbase,inbase+*iit);

					outer_polygon_start -= outer_polygon_start>vidx ? *iit : 0;
					
					*outer_polygon += tmp.size();
					*iit++ = 0;
					++removed;
					goto next_loop;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if ( meshout.vertcnt.size() - removed <= 1) {
		result.Append(meshout);
		return;
	}

	// extract the outer boundary and move it to a separate mesh
	TempMesh boundary;
	boundary.vertcnt.resize(1,*outer_polygon);
	boundary.verts.resize(*outer_polygon);

	std::vector<aiVector3D>::iterator b = in.begin()+outer_polygon_start;
	std::copy(b,b+*outer_polygon,boundary.verts.begin());
	in.erase(b,b+*outer_polygon);

	std::vector<aiVector3D>::iterator norit = normals.begin()+std::distance(meshout.vertcnt.begin(),outer_polygon);
	const aiVector3D nor_boundary = *norit;
	normals.erase(norit);
	meshout.vertcnt.erase(outer_polygon);

	// keep merging the closest inner boundary with the outer boundary until no more boundaries are left
	RecursiveMergeBoundaries(result,meshout,boundary,normals,nor_boundary);
}


// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ProcessConnectedFaceSet(const IfcConnectedFaceSet& fset, TempMesh& result, ConversionData& conv)
{
	BOOST_FOREACH(const IfcFace& face, fset.CfsFaces) {

		// size_t ob = -1, cnt = 0;
		TempMesh meshout;
		BOOST_FOREACH(const IfcFaceBound& bound, face.Bounds) {
			
			// XXX implement proper merging for polygonal loops
			if(const IfcPolyLoop* const polyloop = bound.Bound->ToPtr<IfcPolyLoop>()) {
				if(ProcessPolyloop(*polyloop, meshout,conv)) {

					//if(bound.ToPtr<IfcFaceOuterBound>()) {
					//	ob = cnt;
					//}
					//++cnt;

				}
			}
			else {
				IFCImporter::LogWarn("skipping unknown IfcFaceBound entity, type is " + bound.Bound->GetClassName());
				continue;
			}

			/*if(!IsTrue(bound.Orientation)) {
				size_t c = 0;
				BOOST_FOREACH(unsigned int& c, meshout.vertcnt) {
					std::reverse(result.verts.begin() + cnt,result.verts.begin() + cnt + c);
					cnt += c;
				}
			}*/

		}
		MergePolygonBoundaries(result,meshout);
	}
}




// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ProcessRevolvedAreaSolid(const IfcRevolvedAreaSolid& solid, TempMesh& result, ConversionData& conv)
{
	TempMesh meshout;

	// first read the profile description
	if(!ProcessProfile(*solid.SweptArea,meshout,conv) || meshout.verts.size()<=1) {
		return;
	}

	aiVector3D axis, pos;
	ConvertAxisPlacement(axis,pos,solid.Axis);

	aiMatrix4x4 tb0,tb1;
	aiMatrix4x4::Translation(pos,tb0);
	aiMatrix4x4::Translation(-pos,tb1);

	const std::vector<aiVector3D>& in = meshout.verts;
	const size_t size=in.size();
	
	bool has_area = solid.SweptArea->ProfileType == "AREA" && size>2;
	const float max_angle = solid.Angle*conv.angle_scale;
	if(fabs(max_angle) < 1e-3) {
		if(has_area) {
			result = meshout;
		}
		return;
	}

	const unsigned int cnt_segments = std::max(2u,static_cast<unsigned int>(16 * fabs(max_angle)/AI_MATH_HALF_PI_F));
	const float delta = max_angle/cnt_segments;

	has_area = has_area && fabs(max_angle) < AI_MATH_TWO_PI_F*0.99;
	
	result.verts.reserve(size*((cnt_segments+1)*4+(has_area?2:0)));
	result.vertcnt.reserve(size*cnt_segments+2);

	aiMatrix4x4 rot;
	rot = tb0 * aiMatrix4x4::Rotation(delta,axis,rot) * tb1;

	size_t base = 0;
	std::vector<aiVector3D>& out = result.verts;

	// dummy data to simplify later processing
	for(size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
		out.insert(out.end(),4,in[i]);
	}

	for(unsigned int seg = 0; seg < cnt_segments; ++seg) {
		for(size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
			const size_t next = (i+1)%size;

			result.vertcnt.push_back(4);
			const aiVector3D& base_0 = out[base+i*4+3],base_1 = out[base+next*4+3];

			out.push_back(base_0);
			out.push_back(base_1);
			out.push_back(rot*base_1);
			out.push_back(rot*base_0);
		}
		base += size*4;
	}

	out.erase(out.begin(),out.begin()+size*4);

	if(has_area) {
		// leave the triangulation of the profile area to the ear cutting 
		// implementation in aiProcess_Triangulate - for now we just
		// feed in two huge polygons.
		base -= size*8;
		for(size_t i = size; i--; ) {
			out.push_back(out[base+i*4+3]);
		}
		for(size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i ) {
			out.push_back(out[i*4]);
		}
		result.vertcnt.push_back(size);
		result.vertcnt.push_back(size);
	}

	aiMatrix4x4 trafo;
	ConvertAxisPlacement(trafo, solid.Position);
	
	result.Transform(trafo);
	IFCImporter::LogDebug("generate mesh procedurally by radial extrusion (IfcRevolvedAreaSolid)");
}


// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool TryAddOpenings(const std::vector<TempOpening>& openings,const std::vector<aiVector3D>& nors, TempMesh& curmesh)
{
	std::vector<aiVector3D>& out = curmesh.verts;

	const size_t s = out.size();

	const aiVector3D any_point = out[s-1];
	const aiVector3D nor = ComputePolygonNormal(curmesh); ;
	
	bool got_openings = false;
	TempMesh res;

	size_t c = 0;
	BOOST_FOREACH(const TempOpening& t,openings) {
		const aiVector3D& outernor = nors[c++];
		const float dot = nor * outernor;
		if (fabs(dot)<1.f-1e-6f) {
			continue;
		}

		// const aiVector3D diff = t.extrusionDir;
		const std::vector<aiVector3D>& va = t.profileMesh->verts;
		if(va.size() <= 2) {
			continue;	
		}

		// const float dd = t.extrusionDir*nor;
		IFCImporter::LogDebug("apply an IfcOpeningElement linked via IfcRelVoidsElement to this polygon");

		got_openings = true;

		// project va[i] onto the plane formed by the current polygon [given by (any_point,nor)]
		for(size_t i = 0; i < va.size(); ++i) {
			const aiVector3D& v = va[i];
			out.push_back(v-(nor*(v-any_point))*nor);
		}
		

		curmesh.vertcnt.push_back(va.size());

		res.Clear();
		MergePolygonBoundaries(res,curmesh,0);
		curmesh = res;
	}
	return got_openings;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct DistanceSorter {

	DistanceSorter(const aiVector3D& base) : base(base) {}

	bool operator () (const TempOpening& a, const TempOpening& b) const {
		return (a.profileMesh->Center()-base).SquareLength() < (b.profileMesh->Center()-base).SquareLength();
	}

	aiVector3D base;
};

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct XYSorter {

	// sort first by X coordinates, then by Y coordinates
	bool operator () (const aiVector2D&a, const aiVector2D& b) const {
		if (a.x == b.x) {
			return a.y < b.y;
		}
		return a.x < b.x;
	}
};

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct ProjectionInfo {
	unsigned int ac, bc;
	aiVector3D p,u,v;
};

typedef std::pair< aiVector2D, aiVector2D > BoundingBox;
typedef std::map<aiVector2D,size_t,XYSorter> XYSortedField;

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aiVector2D ProjectPositionVectorOntoPlane(const aiVector3D& x, const ProjectionInfo& proj) 
{
	const aiVector3D xx = x-proj.p;
	return aiVector2D(xx[proj.ac]/proj.u[proj.ac],xx[proj.bc]/proj.v[proj.bc]);
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void QuadrifyPart(const aiVector2D& pmin, const aiVector2D& pmax, XYSortedField& field, const std::vector< BoundingBox >& bbs, 
	std::vector<aiVector2D>& out)
{
	if (!(pmin.x-pmax.x) || !(pmin.y-pmax.y)) {
		return;
	}

	float xs = 1e10, xe = 1e10;	
	bool found = false;

	// Search along the x-axis until we find an opening
	XYSortedField::iterator start = field.begin();
	for(; start != field.end(); ++start) {
		const BoundingBox& bb = bbs[(*start).second];
		if(bb.first.x >= pmax.x) {
			break;
		} 

		if (bb.second.x > pmin.x && bb.second.y > pmin.y && bb.first.y < pmax.y) {
			xs = bb.first.x;
			xe = bb.second.x;
			found = true;
			break;
		}
	}

	if (!found) {
		// the rectangle [pmin,pend] is opaque, fill it
		out.push_back(pmin);
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(pmin.x,pmax.y));
		out.push_back(pmax);
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(pmax.x,pmin.y));
		return;
	}

	xs = std::max(pmin.x,xs);
	xe = std::min(pmax.x,xe);

	// see if there's an offset to fill at the top of our quad
	if (xs - pmin.x) {
		out.push_back(pmin);
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(pmin.x,pmax.y));
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(xs,pmax.y));
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(xs,pmin.y));
	}

	// search along the y-axis for all openings that overlap xs and our quad
	float ylast = pmin.y;
	found = false;
	for(; start != field.end(); ++start) {
		const BoundingBox& bb = bbs[(*start).second];
		if (bb.first.x > xs || bb.first.y >= pmax.y) {
			break;
		}

		if (bb.second.y > ylast) {

			found = true;
			const float ys = std::max(bb.first.y,pmin.y), ye = std::min(bb.second.y,pmax.y);
			if (ys - ylast) {
				QuadrifyPart( aiVector2D(xs,ylast), aiVector2D(xe,ys) ,field,bbs,out);
			}

			// the following are the window vertices

			/*wnd.push_back(aiVector2D(xs,ys));
			wnd.push_back(aiVector2D(xs,ye));
			wnd.push_back(aiVector2D(xe,ye));
			wnd.push_back(aiVector2D(xe,ys));*/
			ylast = ye;
		}
	}
	if (!found) {
		// the rectangle [pmin,pend] is opaque, fill it
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(xs,pmin.y));
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(xs,pmax.y));
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(xe,pmax.y));
		out.push_back(aiVector2D(xe,pmin.y));
		return;
	}
	if (ylast < pmax.y) {
		QuadrifyPart( aiVector2D(xs,ylast), aiVector2D(xe,pmax.y) ,field,bbs,out);
	}

	// now for the whole rest
	if (pmax.x-xe) {
		QuadrifyPart(aiVector2D(xe,pmin.y), pmax ,field,bbs,out);
	}
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
enum Intersect {
	Intersect_No,
	Intersect_LiesOnPlane,
	Intersect_Yes
};

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intersect IntersectSegmentPlane(const aiVector3D& p,const aiVector3D& n, const aiVector3D& e0, const aiVector3D& e1, aiVector3D& out) 
{
	const aiVector3D pdelta = e0 - p, seg = e1-e0;
	const float dotOne = n*seg, dotTwo = -(n*pdelta);

	if (fabs(dotOne) < 1e-6) {
		return fabs(dotTwo) < 1e-6f ? Intersect_LiesOnPlane : Intersect_No;
	}

	const float t = dotTwo/dotOne;
	// t must be in [0..1] if the intersection point is within the given segment
	if (t > 1.f || t < 0.f) {
		return Intersect_No;
	}
	out = e0+t*seg;
	return Intersect_Yes;
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aiVector3D Unproject(const aiVector2D& vproj, const  ProjectionInfo& proj)
{
	return vproj.x*proj.u + vproj.y*proj.v + proj.p;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void InsertWindowContours(const std::vector< BoundingBox >& bbs,const std::vector< std::vector<aiVector2D> >& contours,const ProjectionInfo& proj, TempMesh& curmesh)
{
	ai_assert(contours.size() == bbs.size());

	// fix windows - we need to insert the real, polygonal shapes into the quadratic holes that we have now
	for(size_t i = 0; i < contours.size();++i) {
		const BoundingBox& bb = bbs[i];
		const std::vector<aiVector2D>& contour = contours[i];

		// check if we need to do it at all - many windows just fit perfectly into their quadratic holes,
		// i.e. their contours *are* already their bounding boxes.
		if (contour.size() == 4) {
			std::set<aiVector2D,XYSorter> verts;
			for(size_t n = 0; n < 4; ++n) {
				verts.insert(contour[n]);
			}
			const std::set<aiVector2D,XYSorter>::const_iterator end = verts.end();
			if (verts.find(bb.first)!=end && verts.find(bb.second)!=end
				&& verts.find(aiVector2D(bb.first.x,bb.second.y))!=end 
				&& verts.find(aiVector2D(bb.second.x,bb.first.y))!=end 
			) {
				continue;
			}
		}

		const float epsilon = (bb.first-bb.second).Length()/1000.f;

		// walk through all contour points and find those that lie on the BB corner
		size_t last_hit = -1, very_first_hit = -1;
		aiVector2D edge;
		for(size_t n = 0, e=0, size = contour.size();; n=(n+1)%size, ++e) {

			// sanity checking
			if (e == size*2) {
				IFCImporter::LogError("encountered unexpected topology while generating window contour");
				break;
			}

			const aiVector2D& v = contour[n];

			bool hit = false;
			if (fabs(v.x-bb.first.x)<epsilon) {
				edge.x = bb.first.x;
				hit = true;
			}
			else if (fabs(v.x-bb.second.x)<epsilon) {
				edge.x = bb.second.x;
				hit = true;
			}

			if (fabs(v.y-bb.first.y)<epsilon) {
				edge.y = bb.first.y;
				hit = true;
			}
			else if (fabs(v.y-bb.second.y)<epsilon) {
				edge.y = bb.second.y;
				hit = true;
			}

			if (hit) {
				if (last_hit != (size_t)-1) {

					const size_t old = curmesh.verts.size();
					size_t cnt = last_hit > n ? size-(last_hit-n) : n-last_hit;
					for(size_t a = last_hit, e = 0; e <= cnt; a=(a+1)%size, ++e) {
						curmesh.verts.push_back(Unproject(contour[a],proj));
					}
					
					if (edge != contour[last_hit] && edge != contour[n]) {
						curmesh.verts.push_back(Unproject(edge,proj));
					}
					else if (cnt == 1) {
						// avoid degenerate polygons (also known as lines or points)
						curmesh.verts.erase(curmesh.verts.begin()+old,curmesh.verts.end());
					}

					if (const size_t d = curmesh.verts.size()-old) {
						curmesh.vertcnt.push_back(d);
						std::reverse(curmesh.verts.rbegin(),curmesh.verts.rbegin()+d);
					}
					if (n == very_first_hit) {
						break;
					}
				}
				else {
					very_first_hit = n;
				}
				
				last_hit = n;
			}
		}
	}
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool TryAddOpenings_Quadrulate(const std::vector<TempOpening>& openings,const std::vector<aiVector3D>& nors, TempMesh& curmesh)
{
	std::vector<aiVector3D>& out = curmesh.verts;

	// Try to derive a solid base plane within the current surface for use as 
	// working coordinate system. 
	aiVector3D vmin,vmax;
	ArrayBounds(&out[0],out.size(),vmin,vmax);

	const size_t s = out.size();

	const aiVector3D any_point = out[s-4];
	const aiVector3D nor = ((out[s-3]-any_point)^(out[s-2]-any_point)).Normalize();

	const aiVector3D diag = vmax-vmin;
	const float ax = fabs(nor.x);    
	const float ay = fabs(nor.y);   
	const float az = fabs(nor.z);    

	unsigned int ac = 0, bc = 1; /* no z coord. -> projection to xy */
	if (ax > ay) {
		if (ax > az) { /* no x coord. -> projection to yz */
			ac = 1; bc = 2;
		}
	}
	else if (ay > az) { /* no y coord. -> projection to zy */
		ac = 2; bc = 0;
	}

	ProjectionInfo proj;
	proj.u = proj.v = diag;
	proj.u[bc]=0;
	proj.v[ac]=0;
	proj.ac = ac;
	proj.bc = bc;
	proj.p = vmin;

	// project all points into the coordinate system defined by the p+sv*tu plane
	// and compute bounding boxes for them
	std::vector< BoundingBox > bbs;
	XYSortedField field;

	std::vector<aiVector2D> contour_flat;
	contour_flat.reserve(out.size());
	BOOST_FOREACH(const aiVector3D& x, out) {
		contour_flat.push_back(ProjectPositionVectorOntoPlane(x,proj));
	}

	std::vector< std::vector<aiVector2D> > contours;

	size_t c = 0;
	BOOST_FOREACH(const TempOpening& t,openings) {
		const aiVector3D& outernor = nors[c++];
		const float dot = nor * outernor;
		if (fabs(dot)<1.f-1e-6f) {
			continue;
		}


		// const aiVector3D diff = t.extrusionDir;

		const std::vector<aiVector3D>& va = t.profileMesh->verts;
		if(va.size() <= 2) {
			continue;	
		}

		aiVector2D vpmin,vpmax;
		MinMaxChooser<aiVector2D>()(vpmin,vpmax);

		contours.push_back(std::vector<aiVector2D>());
		std::vector<aiVector2D>& contour = contours.back();

		BOOST_FOREACH(const aiVector3D& x, t.profileMesh->verts) {
			const aiVector2D& vproj = ProjectPositionVectorOntoPlane(x,proj);

			vpmin = std::min(vpmin,vproj);
			vpmax = std::max(vpmax,vproj);

			contour.push_back(vproj);
		}

		
		if (field.find(vpmin) != field.end()) {
			IFCImporter::LogWarn("constraint failure during generation of wall openings, results may be faulty");
		}
		field[vpmin] = bbs.size();
		bbs.push_back(BoundingBox(vpmin,vpmax));
	}

	if (bbs.empty()) {
		return false;
	}


	std::vector<aiVector2D> outflat;
	outflat.reserve(openings.size()*4);
	QuadrifyPart(aiVector2D(0.f,0.f),aiVector2D(1.f,1.f),field,bbs,outflat);
	ai_assert(!(outflat.size() % 4));

	//FixOuterBoundaries(outflat,contour_flat);

	// undo the projection, generate output quads
	std::vector<aiVector3D> vold;
	vold.reserve(outflat.size());
	std::swap(vold,curmesh.verts);

	std::vector<unsigned int> iold;
	iold.resize(outflat.size()/4,4);
	std::swap(iold,curmesh.vertcnt);

	BOOST_FOREACH(const aiVector2D& vproj, outflat) {
		out.push_back(Unproject(vproj,proj));
	}

	InsertWindowContours(bbs,contours,proj,curmesh);
	return true;
}


// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ProcessExtrudedAreaSolid(const IfcExtrudedAreaSolid& solid, TempMesh& result, ConversionData& conv)
{
	TempMesh meshout;
	
	// first read the profile description
	if(!ProcessProfile(*solid.SweptArea,meshout,conv) || meshout.verts.size()<=1) {
		return;
	}

	aiVector3D dir;
	ConvertDirection(dir,solid.ExtrudedDirection);

	dir *= solid.Depth;

	// assuming that `meshout.verts` is now a list of vertex points forming 
	// the underlying profile, extrude along the given axis, forming new
	// triangles.
	
	std::vector<aiVector3D>& in = meshout.verts;
	const size_t size=in.size();

	const bool has_area = solid.SweptArea->ProfileType == "AREA" && size>2;
	if(solid.Depth < 1e-3) {
		if(has_area) {
			meshout = result;
		}
		return;
	}

	result.verts.reserve(size*(has_area?4:2));
	result.vertcnt.reserve(meshout.vertcnt.size()+2);

	// transform to target space
	aiMatrix4x4 trafo;
	ConvertAxisPlacement(trafo, solid.Position);
	BOOST_FOREACH(aiVector3D& v,in) {
		v *= trafo;
	}

	
	aiVector3D min = in[0];
	dir *= aiMatrix3x3(trafo);

	std::vector<aiVector3D> nors;
	
	// compute the normal vectors for all opening polygons
	if (conv.apply_openings) {
		if (!conv.settings.useCustomTriangulation) {
			// it is essential to apply the openings in the correct spatial order. The direction
			// doesn't matter, but we would screw up if we started with e.g. a door in between
			// two windows.
			std::sort(conv.apply_openings->begin(),conv.apply_openings->end(),DistanceSorter(min));
		}

		nors.reserve(conv.apply_openings->size());
		BOOST_FOREACH(TempOpening& t,*conv.apply_openings) {
			TempMesh& bounds = *t.profileMesh.get();
		
			if (bounds.verts.size() <= 2) {
				nors.push_back(aiVector3D());
				continue;
			}
			nors.push_back(((bounds.verts[2]-bounds.verts[0])^(bounds.verts[1]-bounds.verts[0]) ).Normalize());
		}
	}

	TempMesh temp;
	TempMesh& curmesh = conv.apply_openings ? temp : result;
	std::vector<aiVector3D>& out = curmesh.verts;

	bool (* const gen_openings)(const std::vector<TempOpening>&,const std::vector<aiVector3D>&, TempMesh&) = conv.settings.useCustomTriangulation 
		? &TryAddOpenings_Quadrulate 
		: &TryAddOpenings;
 
	size_t sides_with_openings = 0;
	for(size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
		const size_t next = (i+1)%size;

		curmesh.vertcnt.push_back(4);
		
		out.push_back(in[i]);
		out.push_back(in[i]+dir);
		out.push_back(in[next]+dir);
		out.push_back(in[next]);

		if(conv.apply_openings) {
			if(gen_openings(*conv.apply_openings,nors,temp)) {
				++sides_with_openings;
			}
			
			result.Append(temp);
			temp.Clear();
		}
	}
	
	size_t sides_with_v_openings = 0;
	if(has_area) {

		for(size_t n = 0; n < 2; ++n) {
			for(size_t i = size; i--; ) {
				out.push_back(in[i]+(n?dir:aiVector3D()));
			}

			curmesh.vertcnt.push_back(size);
			if(conv.apply_openings && size > 2) {
				// XXX here we are forced to use the un-triangulated version of TryAddOpening, with
				// all the problems it causes. The reason is that vertical walls (ehm, floors)
				// can have an arbitrary outer shape, so the usual approach of projecting
				// the surface and all openings onto a flat quad and triangulating the quad 
				// fails.
				if(TryAddOpenings(*conv.apply_openings,nors,temp)) {
					++sides_with_v_openings;
				}

				result.Append(temp);
				temp.Clear();
			}
		}
	}

	// add connection geometry to close the 'holes' for the openings
	if(conv.apply_openings) {
		//result.infacing.resize(result.verts.size()+);
		BOOST_FOREACH(const TempOpening& t,*conv.apply_openings) {
			const std::vector<aiVector3D>& in = t.profileMesh->verts;
			std::vector<aiVector3D>& out = result.verts; 

			const aiVector3D dir = t.extrusionDir;
			for(size_t i = 0, size = in.size(); i < size; ++i) {
				const size_t next = (i+1)%size;

				result.vertcnt.push_back(4);

				out.push_back(in[i]);
				out.push_back(in[i]+dir);
				out.push_back(in[next]+dir);
				out.push_back(in[next]);
			}
		}
	}

	if(conv.apply_openings && ((sides_with_openings != 2 && sides_with_openings) || (sides_with_v_openings != 2 && sides_with_v_openings))) {
		IFCImporter::LogWarn("failed to resolve all openings, presumably their topology is not supported by Assimp");
	}

	IFCImporter::LogDebug("generate mesh procedurally by extrusion (IfcExtrudedAreaSolid)");
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ProcessSweptAreaSolid(const IfcSweptAreaSolid& swept, TempMesh& meshout, ConversionData& conv)
{
	if(const IfcExtrudedAreaSolid* const solid = swept.ToPtr<IfcExtrudedAreaSolid>()) {
		// Do we just collect openings for a parent element (i.e. a wall)? 
		// In this case we don't extrude the surface yet, just keep the profile and transform it correctly
		if(conv.collect_openings) {
			boost::shared_ptr<TempMesh> meshtmp(new TempMesh());
			ProcessProfile(swept.SweptArea,*meshtmp,conv);

			aiMatrix4x4 m;
			ConvertAxisPlacement(m,solid->Position);
			meshtmp->Transform(m);

			aiVector3D dir;
			ConvertDirection(dir,solid->ExtrudedDirection);
			conv.collect_openings->push_back(TempOpening(solid, aiMatrix3x3(m) * (dir*solid->Depth),meshtmp));
			return;
		}

		ProcessExtrudedAreaSolid(*solid,meshout,conv);
	}
	else if(const IfcRevolvedAreaSolid* const rev = swept.ToPtr<IfcRevolvedAreaSolid>()) {
		ProcessRevolvedAreaSolid(*rev,meshout,conv);
	}
	else {
		IFCImporter::LogWarn("skipping unknown IfcSweptAreaSolid entity, type is " + swept.GetClassName());
	}
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void ProcessBoolean(const IfcBooleanResult& boolean, TempMesh& result, ConversionData& conv)
{
	if(const IfcBooleanResult* const clip = boolean.ToPtr<IfcBooleanResult>()) {
		if(clip->Operator != "DIFFERENCE") {
			IFCImporter::LogWarn("encountered unsupported boolean operator: " + (std::string)clip->Operator);
			return;
		}

		TempMesh meshout;
		const IfcHalfSpaceSolid* const hs = clip->SecondOperand->ResolveSelectPtr<IfcHalfSpaceSolid>(conv.db);
		if(!hs) {
			IFCImporter::LogError("expected IfcHalfSpaceSolid as second clipping operand");
			return;
		}

		const IfcPlane* const plane = hs->BaseSurface->ToPtr<IfcPlane>();
		if(!plane) {
			IFCImporter::LogError("expected IfcPlane as base surface for the IfcHalfSpaceSolid");
			return;
		}

		if(const IfcBooleanResult* const op0 = clip->FirstOperand->ResolveSelectPtr<IfcBooleanResult>(conv.db)) {
			ProcessBoolean(*op0,meshout,conv);
		}
		else if (const IfcSweptAreaSolid* const swept = clip->FirstOperand->ResolveSelectPtr<IfcSweptAreaSolid>(conv.db)) {
			ProcessSweptAreaSolid(*swept,meshout,conv);
		}
		else {
			IFCImporter::LogError("expected IfcSweptAreaSolid or IfcBooleanResult as first clipping operand");
			return;
		}

		// extract plane base position vector and normal vector
		aiVector3D p,n(0.f,0.f,1.f);
		if (plane->Position->Axis) {
			ConvertDirection(n,plane->Position->Axis.Get());
		}
		ConvertCartesianPoint(p,plane->Position->Location);

		if(!IsTrue(hs->AgreementFlag)) {
			n *= -1.f;
		}

		// clip the current contents of `meshout` against the plane we obtained from the second operand
		const std::vector<aiVector3D>& in = meshout.verts;
		std::vector<aiVector3D>& outvert = result.verts;
		std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator begin=meshout.vertcnt.begin(), end=meshout.vertcnt.end(), iit;

		outvert.reserve(in.size());
		result.vertcnt.reserve(meshout.vertcnt.size());

		unsigned int vidx = 0;
		for(iit = begin; iit != end; vidx += *iit++) {

			unsigned int newcount = 0;
			for(unsigned int i = 0; i < *iit; ++i) {
				const aiVector3D& e0 = in[vidx+i], e1 = in[vidx+(i+1)%*iit];

				// does the next segment intersect the plane?
				aiVector3D isectpos;
				const Intersect isect = IntersectSegmentPlane(p,n,e0,e1,isectpos);
				if (isect == Intersect_No || isect == Intersect_LiesOnPlane) {
					if ( (e0-p).Normalize()*n > 0 ) {
						outvert.push_back(e0);
						++newcount;
					}
				}
				else if (isect == Intersect_Yes) {
					if ( (e0-p).Normalize()*n > 0 ) {
						// e0 is on the right side, so keep it 
						outvert.push_back(e0);
						outvert.push_back(isectpos);
						newcount += 2;
					}
					else {
						// e0 is on the wrong side, so drop it and keep e1 instead
						outvert.push_back(isectpos);
						++newcount;
					}
				}
			}	

			if (!newcount) {
				continue;
			}

			aiVector3D vmin,vmax;
			ArrayBounds(&*(outvert.end()-newcount),newcount,vmin,vmax);

			// filter our double points - those may happen if a point lies
			// directly on the intersection line. However, due to float
			// precision a bitwise comparison is not feasible to detect
			// this case.
			const float epsilon = (vmax-vmin).SquareLength() / 1e6f;
			FuzzyVectorCompare fz(epsilon);

			std::vector<aiVector3D>::iterator e = std::unique( outvert.end()-newcount, outvert.end(), fz );
			if (e != outvert.end()) {
				newcount -= static_cast<unsigned int>(std::distance(e,outvert.end()));
				outvert.erase(e,outvert.end());
			}
			if (fz(*( outvert.end()-newcount),outvert.back())) {
				outvert.pop_back();
				--newcount;
			}
			if(newcount > 2) {
				result.vertcnt.push_back(newcount);
			}
			else while(newcount-->0)result.verts.pop_back();

		}
		IFCImporter::LogDebug("generating CSG geometry by plane clipping (IfcBooleanClippingResult)");
	}
	else {
		IFCImporter::LogWarn("skipping unknown IfcBooleanResult entity, type is " + boolean.GetClassName());
	}
}



// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ProcessGeometricItem(const IfcRepresentationItem& geo, std::vector<unsigned int>& mesh_indices, ConversionData& conv)
{
	TempMesh meshtmp;
	if(const IfcShellBasedSurfaceModel* shellmod = geo.ToPtr<IfcShellBasedSurfaceModel>()) {
		BOOST_FOREACH(boost::shared_ptr<const IfcShell> shell,shellmod->SbsmBoundary) {
			try {
				const EXPRESS::ENTITY& e = shell->To<ENTITY>();
				const IfcConnectedFaceSet& fs = conv.db.MustGetObject(e).To<IfcConnectedFaceSet>(); 

				ProcessConnectedFaceSet(fs,meshtmp,conv);
			}
			catch(std::bad_cast&) {
				IFCImporter::LogWarn("unexpected type error, IfcShell ought to inherit from IfcConnectedFaceSet");
			}
		}
	}
	else if(const IfcConnectedFaceSet* fset = geo.ToPtr<IfcConnectedFaceSet>()) {
		ProcessConnectedFaceSet(*fset,meshtmp,conv);
	}
	else if(const IfcSweptAreaSolid* swept = geo.ToPtr<IfcSweptAreaSolid>()) {
		ProcessSweptAreaSolid(*swept,meshtmp,conv);
	}
	else if(const IfcManifoldSolidBrep* brep = geo.ToPtr<IfcManifoldSolidBrep>()) {
		ProcessConnectedFaceSet(brep->Outer,meshtmp,conv);
	}
	else if(const IfcFaceBasedSurfaceModel* surf = geo.ToPtr<IfcFaceBasedSurfaceModel>()) {
		BOOST_FOREACH(const IfcConnectedFaceSet& fc, surf->FbsmFaces) {
			ProcessConnectedFaceSet(fc,meshtmp,conv);
		}
	}
	else if(const IfcBooleanResult* boolean = geo.ToPtr<IfcBooleanResult>()) {
		ProcessBoolean(*boolean,meshtmp,conv);
	}
	else if(geo.ToPtr<IfcBoundingBox>()) {
		// silently skip over bounding boxes
		return false; 
	}
	else {
		IFCImporter::LogWarn("skipping unknown IfcGeometricRepresentationItem entity, type is " + geo.GetClassName());
		return false;
	}

	meshtmp.RemoveAdjacentDuplicates();
	FixupFaceOrientation(meshtmp);

	aiMesh* const mesh = meshtmp.ToMesh();
	if(mesh) {
		mesh->mMaterialIndex = ProcessMaterials(geo,conv);
		mesh_indices.push_back(conv.meshes.size());
		conv.meshes.push_back(mesh);
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void AssignAddedMeshes(std::vector<unsigned int>& mesh_indices,aiNode* nd,ConversionData& /*conv*/)
{
	if (!mesh_indices.empty()) {

		// make unique
		std::sort(mesh_indices.begin(),mesh_indices.end());
		std::vector<unsigned int>::iterator it_end = std::unique(mesh_indices.begin(),mesh_indices.end());

		const size_t size = std::distance(mesh_indices.begin(),it_end);

		nd->mNumMeshes = size;
		nd->mMeshes = new unsigned int[nd->mNumMeshes];
		for(unsigned int i = 0; i < nd->mNumMeshes; ++i) {
			nd->mMeshes[i] = mesh_indices[i];
		}
	}
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool TryQueryMeshCache(const IfcRepresentationItem& item, std::vector<unsigned int>& mesh_indices, ConversionData& conv) 
{
	ConversionData::MeshCache::const_iterator it = conv.cached_meshes.find(&item);
	if (it != conv.cached_meshes.end()) {
		std::copy((*it).second.begin(),(*it).second.end(),std::back_inserter(mesh_indices));
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void PopulateMeshCache(const IfcRepresentationItem& item, const std::vector<unsigned int>& mesh_indices, ConversionData& conv)
{
	conv.cached_meshes[&item] = mesh_indices;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool ProcessRepresentationItem(const IfcRepresentationItem& item, std::vector<unsigned int>& mesh_indices, ConversionData& conv)
{
	if (!TryQueryMeshCache(item,mesh_indices,conv)) {
		if(ProcessGeometricItem(item,mesh_indices,conv)) {
			if(mesh_indices.size()) {
				PopulateMeshCache(item,mesh_indices,conv);
			}
		}
		else return false;
	}
	return true;
}

} // ! IFC
} // ! Assimp

#endif